- A new study has mapped the potential of solar-wind-water strategies for West Africa, a region where power grids are anticipated to greatly expand in the coming years.
- The study, Smart renewable electricity portfolios in West Africa, published in the scientific journal Nature Sustainability, explores how hydropower plants can support solar and wind power’s unpredictable and intermittent nature in a climate-friendly manner.
Sebastian Sterl, energy and climate scientist at Vrije Universiteit Brussel and KU Leuven and the lead author of the study, explained: “Countries in West Africa now have the opportunity to plan this expansion according to strategies that rely on modern, climate-friendly energy generation.”
He added: “A completely different situation from Europe, where power supply has been dependent on polluting power plants for many decades—which many countries now want to rid themselves of.”
Solar and wind power generation is increasing worldwide and becoming cheaper. This helps to keep climate targets in sight but also poses challenges. For instance, critics often argue that these energy sources are too unpredictable and variable to be part of a reliable electricity mix on a large scale.
“Indeed, our electricity systems will have to become much more flexible if we are to feed large amounts of solar and wind power into the grid. Flexibility is currently mostly provided by gas power plants. Unfortunately, these cause a lot of CO2 emissions,” says Sterl. “But in many countries, hydropower plants can be a fossil fuel-free alternative to support solar and wind energy. After all, hydropower plants can be dispatched at times when insufficient solar and wind power is available.”
The research team, composed of experts from VUB, KU Leuven, the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), and Climate Analytics, designed a new computer model for their study, running on detailed water, weather and climate data.
They used this model to investigate how renewable power sources in West Africa could be exploited as effectively as possible for a reliable power supply, even without large-scale storage. All this without losing sight of the environmental impact of large hydropower plants.
Sebastian Sterl@sebastiansterl(1/7) New @naturesustainab paper (https://go.nature.com/2XrtJFP ) explores synergetic #hydro, #solarPV & #wind power planning in #WestAfrica w/ detail from individual plants to regional power pool, hourly dispatch to decadal trends | @VUBrussel @KU_Leuven @ZEFbonn @IRENA @CA_Latest
Sebastian Sterl@sebastiansterl(2/7) Main finding A: Existing and planned #hydropower infrastructure in West Africa can be a great asset for assisting #grid #integration of variable #renewables (VRE), like #solar and #wind power. #AfricaDay2020
West African Power Pool
The study demonstrates the importance of the West African Power Pool, a regional interconnection of national power grids. Countries with a tropical climate, such as Ghana and the Ivory Coast, typically have a lot of potential for hydropower and quite high solar radiation, but hardly any wind.
The drier and more desert-like countries, such as Senegal and Niger, hardly have any opportunities for hydropower but receive more sunlight and more wind. The potential for reliable, clean power generation based on solar and wind power, supported by flexibly dispatched hydropower, increases by more than 30% when countries can share their potential regionally, the researchers discovered.
All measures taken together would allow roughly 60% of the current electricity demand in West Africa to be met with complementary renewable sources, of which roughly half would be solar and wind power and the other half hydropower – without the need for a large-scale battery or other storage plants.
According to the study, within a few years, the cost of solar and wind power generation in West Africa is also expected to drop to such an extent that the proposed solar-wind-water strategies will provide cheaper electricity than gas-fired power plants, which currently still account for more than half of all electricity supply in West Africa.
Better ecological footprint
Hydropower plants can have a considerable negative impact on local ecology. In many developing countries, piles of controversial plans for new hydropower plants have been proposed. The study can help to make future investments in hydropower more sustainable.
“By using existing and planned hydropower plants as optimally as possible to massively support solar and wind energy, one can at the same time make certain new dams superfluous,” says Sterl. “This way two birds can be caught with one stone. Simultaneously, one avoids CO2 emissions from gas-fired power stations and the environmental impact of hydropower overexploitation.”
Global relevance
The methods developed for the study are easily transferable to other regions, and the research has worldwide relevance. Sterl explained: “Nearly all regions with a lot of hydropower, or hydropower potential, could use it to compensate shortfalls in solar and wind power.”
Various European countries, with Norway at the front, have shown increased interest in recent years to deploy their hydropower to support solar and wind power in EU countries. Exporting Norwegian hydropower during times when other countries undergo solar and wind power shortfalls, the European energy transition can be advanced
Author: Nicolette Pombo-van Zyl
This article was originally published on ESI Africa and is republished with permission with minor editorial changes.
